Article – CARO Global

In What Ways Can Youth Reformers and Civic Actors Push for More Transparency and Accountability within Existing Structures

Mahmud ShakibJanuary 13, 2026January 13, 202609 mins

Transparency and accountability form the bedrock of effective governance and long-term sustainable development. In recent decades, youth reformers and civic actors have risen as dynamic forces championing integrity, ethical leadership, and citizen involvement. This paper investigates the diverse strategies employed by young reformers and civic organizations in Bangladesh and worldwide to bolster transparency and accountability…

From Historical Grievance to Pragmatic Engagement: Can Bangladesh and Pakistan Forge a New Path?

Mahmud ShakibDecember 27, 2025December 27, 2025011 mins

Abstract Bangladesh and Pakistan share a complex political history shaped by the events before and after the 1971 Liberation War. Although diplomatic ties exist, mistrust and unresolved historical issues continue to hinder cooperation. This article explores the challenges and opportunities for redefining the relationship through economic, geopolitical, and social collaboration, arguing that pragmatic incentives can…

IMF Loan Conditions and Their Impact on Vulnerable Economies

Mahmud ShakibDecember 27, 2025December 27, 202507 mins

Abstract The International Monetary Fund (IMF) plays a central role in stabilizing economies experiencing balance-of-payments crises. However, its lending is tied to conditionality requiring borrowing countries to implement specific economic reforms. This article examines the evolution of IMF loan conditions and their impact on vulnerable economies. While IMF programs can promote macroeconomic stabilization and foster…

Fairness as a Meta-Norm: Structural Legitimacy and the Meta-Right to Fair Institutions

A N M NuruddinNovember 28, 2025November 28, 2025056 mins

Political philosophy has long been preoccupied with the problem of legitimacy. Under what conditions may an institution claim moral authority over free and equal persons? Classical answers turn to the fairness of procedures, the justice of outcomes, or the moral acceptability of coercive rules under conditions of public reason. Rawls famously grounds legitimacy in principles…

The Evolution of Governance and Fairness: A Unified Historical Analysis: A CARO Global Academic Publication

A N M NuruddinNovember 16, 2025November 16, 2025015 mins

Abstract This article provides an integrated historical analysis of the evolution of governance, justice, rights, and institutional design from ancient civilizations to the contemporary digital era. While each intellectual tradition, political philosophy, democratic theory, social contract thought, justice theory, public choice economics, institutionalism, global governance scholarship, and technology governance made significant contributions, none produced enforceable…

Article

দক্ষিণ এশিয়ার নতুন সমীকরণ: বাংলাদেশ পাকিস্তান সম্পর্কের নতুন বাঁক

Tasmia Tasnim MoonSeptember 27, 2025September 27, 202501 mins

ভূমিকা: ইতিহাস হয়তো স্মৃতি ধরে রাখে কঠিন অধ্যায়য়ের, তবে বর্তমান তোলে নতুন সম্ভাবনার দ্বার। ২০২৫ সালে বাংলাদেশ ও পাকিস্তানের সম্পর্ক এমন একটি পরিবর্তনের মুখে যা দশক ধরে নিষ্ক্রিয় ছিল। এবারের সম্পর্ক শুধু কূটনৈতিক সতর্কতার নয়, বরং একটি নতুন সমঝোতার ইঙ্গিত। আর এই পরিবর্তন শুধু দুই দেশের মধ্যে নয় বরং সম্পূর্ণ আঞ্চলিক ভূ-রাজনীতিকে স্পর্শ করছে। বর্তমান…

Equitism: The Missing Fundamental Right

A N M NuruddinSeptember 22, 2025September 22, 202504 mins

When we talk about human rights, the conversation usually turns to things like health, education, housing, or freedom. These are essential—no human life is complete without them. But there is something deeper that is often overlooked: the system itself. Because what good is the right to health if hospitals are corrupt?What good is the right…